{"id":15258,"date":"2020-05-08T12:18:28","date_gmt":"2020-05-08T10:18:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/almanimal.com\/?p=15258"},"modified":"2020-05-08T12:20:25","modified_gmt":"2020-05-08T10:20:25","slug":"bioluminescence-qui-est","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/almanimal.com\/fr\/curiosites\/bioluminescence-qui-est\/","title":{"rendered":"Bioluminescence : qu'est-ce que c'est et \u00e0 quoi servent certains animaux ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vous avez s\u00fbrement vu de nombreux documentaires et vid\u00e9os d'un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne tr\u00e8s frappant chez certaines esp\u00e8ces animales, qui semblent s'illuminer Cr\u00e9er des sensations et des atmosph\u00e8res magiques. Mais ce n'est pas du tout magique, m\u00eame si c'est de la chimie.<\/strong>. C'est le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de bioluminescence<\/strong>Nous expliquons ce que c'est et \u00e0 quoi certains animaux l'utilisent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu'est-ce que la bioluminescence ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne attrayant consiste en une source de lumi\u00e8re \u00e9mise par certains \u00eatres vivants<\/strong>, en particulier les insectes et de nombreux animaux marins, en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 certaines situations et comme m\u00e9thode de survie.<\/strong> Cette conversion de l\u2019\u00e9nergie chimique en \u00e9nergie lumineuse est sans chaleur, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire c'est une lumi\u00e8re froide.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"bioluminescence<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Le bioluminescence <\/strong>s'\u00e9tend \u00e0 propos d'un grand groupe d'animaux terrestres<\/strong>, provenant d'insectes tels que les lucioles, les champignons ou les vers, et chez la plupart des marins,<\/strong> en particulier chez les animaux qui se d\u00e9placent \u00e0 de grandes profondeurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comment fonctionne la bioluminescence chez les animaux ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La lumi\u00e8re \u00e9mise d\u00e9pend grandement de l'esp\u00e8ce dans laquelle elle est produite. Chez certaines esp\u00e8ces, elle est le r\u00e9sultat d'une r\u00e9action biochimique impliquant une enzyme catalytique appel\u00e9e lucif\u00e9rase<\/strong>, qui acc\u00e9l\u00e8re l'oxydation d'une prot\u00e9ine, lucif\u00e9rine<\/strong>qui \u00e9met de la lumi\u00e8re<\/strong> quand il entre en contact avec l'eau<\/strong>Chez d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces, l\u2019\u00e9mission de lumi\u00e8re est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par ions du syst\u00e8me nerveux<\/strong>, qui contr\u00f4lent la luminosit\u00e9 et l'intensit\u00e9 de la lumi\u00e8re et r\u00e9agissent aux facteurs externes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La lumi\u00e8re produite par une r\u00e9action chimique peut \u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e dans cellules internes<\/strong> comme chez les crustac\u00e9s et, ces bioluminescences sont \u00e9galement log\u00e9es \u00e0 droite sous la peau et dans les nageoires<\/strong> comme le groupe des Anamalopidae auquel appartiennent les poissons-lanternes. Enfin, luminescence produite <\/strong>\u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur du corps mais par cellules sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es \u00e0 cet effet<\/strong> et qu'ils lib\u00e8rent comme instrument de d\u00e9fense contre leurs pr\u00e9dateurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"lucif\u00e9rine\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne lumineux a diverses fonctions au sein du monde animal qui le poss\u00e8de. Leur point commun est l'aide qu'il apporte. survivre<\/strong>, bien qu'il soit \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 comme syst\u00e8me d'alimentation, <\/strong>comme app\u00e2t <\/strong>ou leurre attirant les petits animaux (la baudroie) ; pour race <\/strong>\u00e9mettant des flashs lumineux du m\u00e2le vers la femelle et vice versa (les lucioles<\/a>) ou comme d\u00e9fense <\/strong>par distraction avec expulsion de mati\u00e8re luminescente (calmar). \u00c9galement pour camouflage <\/a>certaines parties (requins) et attraper leurs proies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diff\u00e9rences entre les esp\u00e8ces bioluminescentes, fluorescentes et phosphorescentes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Comme nous l\u2019avons soulign\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, Tous les animaux ne produisent pas le m\u00eame type de lumi\u00e8re<\/strong>Cela est d\u00fb \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence entre la lucif\u00e9rine et la lucif\u00e9rase dans les diff\u00e9rents organes qui la produisent. De plus, en fonction de cette diff\u00e9rence, la lumi\u00e8re \u00e9mise acquiert diff\u00e9rentes nuances<\/strong>:bleu, verd\u00e2tre ou rouge, comme observ\u00e9 chez les m\u00e9duses qui vivent sur les fonds marins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il existe plus d'animaux \u00e9mettant de la lumi\u00e8re qu'on ne le pensait auparavant. Cependant, toutes les \u00e9missions ne sont pas caus\u00e9es par la diff\u00e9rence entre les substances qui les composent. Elles peuvent plut\u00f4t \u00eatre produites par l'absorption d'\u00e9nergie puis son irradiation sous forme de lumi\u00e8re. Ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes sont les suivants\u00a0: fluorescence et phosphorescence.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le premier se caract\u00e9rise par l'absorption du rayonnement ultraviolet magn\u00e9tique et l'\u00e9mission ult\u00e9rieure de cette \u00e9nergie sous forme de lumi\u00e8re. L'\u00e9nergie \u00e9mise est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie accumul\u00e9e, et la diff\u00e9rence est dissip\u00e9e sous forme de chaleur.Le cycle complet de fluorescence (absorption, dissipation et \u00e9mission) est tr\u00e8s court.<\/strong>, presque instantan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le phosphorescence<\/strong>, quant \u00e0 elle, suit le m\u00eame m\u00e9canisme physique que la fluorescence qui r\u00e9git l'absorption et le stockage. Mais la diff\u00e9rence r\u00e9side dans l'\u00e9mission lumineuse\u00a0: l'allumage est plus lent au fil du temps, se produisant parfois apr\u00e8s plusieurs heures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"m\u00e9duse\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Animaux utilisant la bioluminescence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nombre des animaux que nous connaissons nous surprennent par ce processus complexe de bioluminescence, qui offre un spectacle merveilleux lorsqu'on l'observe. Parmi les plus connus, on trouve lucioles <\/strong>Parmi plus de 2\u00a0000 esp\u00e8ces, chaque groupe brille d'une lumi\u00e8re vacillante diff\u00e9rente. Ils y parviennent gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un organe sp\u00e9cial et par des r\u00e9actions chimiques <\/strong>et dont la mission est l'attraction sexuelle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les poisson lanterne<\/strong> Il vit dans les profondeurs les plus profondes de la mer. Sa lumi\u00e8re est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par un organe situ\u00e9 sur sa t\u00eate, appel\u00e9 voile, qu'il utilise comme leurre pour attirer ses proies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le m\u00e9duse <\/strong>Ce sont les animaux marins bioluminescents classiques, et certaines de leurs vari\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9mettent des lumi\u00e8res vertes et bleues, qui avec le mouvement de leurs tentacules cr\u00e9ent un magnifique arc-en-ciel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les calmar luciole<\/strong> C'est une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de calmar de tr\u00e8s petites dimensions, il \u00e9met une lumi\u00e8re bleue pour frayer une fois par an. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les plancton <\/strong>C'est la nourriture d'une grande majorit\u00e9 des animaux marins, et une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d'entre eux produit son pouvoir lumineux comme syst\u00e8me de d\u00e9fense, pour effrayer ses pr\u00e9dateurs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les scorpions <\/strong>Ils ont des effets lumineux tr\u00e8s faibles voire quasi inexistants avant de muer ; la lumi\u00e8re augmente avec l'\u00e2ge : plus ils sont \u00e2g\u00e9s, plus ils muent et plus la lumi\u00e8re \u00e9mise est puissante.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Seguro que has visto numerosos documentales y v\u00eddeos de un fen\u00f3meno muy vistoso en algunas especies de animales, que parecen encenderse creando sensaciones y ambientes m\u00e1gicos. Pero no tiene nada de magia, aunque s\u00ed de qu\u00edmica. Se trata del fen\u00f3meno de la bioluminiscencia. Os explicamos en qu\u00e9 consiste y para qu\u00e9 lo utilizan algunos animales. … Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":15260,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1430],"tags":[1974,1468,1819,1893,1666],"class_list":["post-15258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-curiosidades","tag-bioluminiscencia","tag-curiosidades","tag-curiosidades-sobre-los-peces","tag-luciernagas","tag-medusas"],"yoast_head":"\nBioluminiscencia \u00bfQu\u00e9 es y para qu\u00e9 la utilizan algunos animales?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Os explicamos en qu\u00e9 consiste y para qu\u00e9 utilizan algunos animales la bioluminiscencia, el fen\u00f3meno por el que algunas especies parecen tener luz propia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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